Sonnys Blues Biblograpghy free essay sample

The power struggle in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† Baldwin, James. Sonnys Blues. 10th ed. N. p. : publisher, 1957. Print. This article discusses how an unnamed narrator in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† discovers from a newspaper that his younger brother, Sonny, has been arrested for selling and using heroin. It shows a inside view of the narrators feeling towards his brother Sonny. In the story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† you will see how concerned he becomes about his brother. You will see a great deal of love, patience, and understanding come out in this character, For the narrator’s mother had asked him to serve as his brother’s keeper before she passed away. This story is my primary source and I will use it heavily to express my points on the world view of the character. I also plan to further discuss how such brotherly love takes place in this story and how the narrator ends up having a better understanding of his brother’s choices on how music makes his inner thoughts and feelings turn in to reality and how they are expressed through his piano playing. We will write a custom essay sample on Sonnys Blues Biblograpghy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shmoop Editorial Team. The Narrator Timeline in Sonnys Blues Shmoop. com. Shmoop University, Inc. , 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 8 Oct. 2012. Shmoop Editorial Team. Sonnys Blues Summary Shmoop. com. Shmoop University, Inc. , 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 8 Oct. 2012. These articles summarize the character view points from the narrator and his brother Sonny. It helps to sum up the main events in the story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. I am going to use this article to help support my points in how the character begins to change his view point on his brother Sonny, and how the character meets that change he needed to find to keep his promise to his mother and to regain faith in his brother. SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Music in Sonny’s Blues. † SparkNotes. com. SparkNotes LLC. 2007. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Sonny’s Blues. † SparkNotes. com. SparkNotes LLC. 2007. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. These notes help in understanding the conflict in the story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. It reviews how Sonny was before and after he got into trouble and started his music career. I will be able to pull from these notes and use them to further discuss the thoughts of the narrator and explain how this conflict was resolved. You will see a great deal of love, patience, and understanding come out in this character, For the narrator’s mother had asked him to serve as his brother’s keeper before she passed away. This story is my primary source and I will use it heavily to express my points on the world view of the character. It reviews how Sonny was before and after he got into trouble and started his music career. I will be able to pull from these notes and use them to further discuss the thoughts of the narrator and explain how this conflict was resolved. References ODaniel, Therman Benjamin. James Baldwin, a critical evaluation. Howard Univ Pr, 1977. Kinnamon, Keneth. James Baldwin: a collection of critical essays. Vol. 113. Prentice Hall, 1974. Ro, Sigmund. Rage and celebration: essays on contemporary Afro-American writing. Solum Forlag, 1984. Baker, David. Humanities through the black experience. Ed. Phyllis Rauch Klotman. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, 1977. Tracy, Steven C. From Blues to Bop. MELUS 19.3 (1994): 133-136. Breton, Marcela. An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Jazz Short Stories. African American Review 26.2 (1992): 299-306.

The ghosts speech in Hamlet Research Paper Example

The ghosts speech in Hamlet Paper The extract commences with the usage of a caesura which reinforces the lack of time that the ghost of Hamlet has to spare till day breaks. The ghost then begins to use an anecdote, where offstage action is brought on stage. The ghost speaks of his custom of sleeping in the orchard during the afternoon; the word custom highlights the manipulative and conniving nature of Claudius. This manipulative brother stole which refers to the sin of theft; this is also an attribution to the Ten Commandments listed in the bible, which quoted Thou shall not steal. Claudius stole Hamlets life with cursed hebenon, which was noted to be potent when it mixes with the blood stream, and causes the blood to curdle. The ghost of Hamlet then uses the metaphor of describing the ears as a porch which is the natural extrusion of the body. The leperous distilment refers to the cursed hebenon which curdles blood, and leperous is an apt adjective as it describes the effect of the poisonous liquid. The effect is described as enmity with the blood of man, as if personifying the liquid as abhorrent to human blood. Hebenons rapid action is compared to the swiftness of quicksilver or mercury as the metaphor of the natural gates and alleys of the body is used to makes the comparison effective as it effectively curdles blood. The theme of redundancy is brought out again, by using another example of curd. Hamlets ghost then uses a simile as curd curdles milk. Hamlets ghosts blood like the milk became curdled by the dropping of curd. There is use of contrast as the word thin is used to emphasize the thickness of anything curdled. We will write a custom essay sample on The ghosts speech in Hamlet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The ghosts speech in Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The ghosts speech in Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hamlets ghost soon was tainted by a skin ailment, he then specifies how the skin ailment if lazar-like or like leprosy. Shakespeare again uses contrast to reiterate the ill effects of this lecherous liquid, as the words of loathsome crust being the result of the transition from his smooth body. Hamlet again underlines the politic nature of Claudius by saying that he was sleeping. Shakespeare then makes clear to the audience of the nature of the murder. This murder didnt just rob King Hamlet of his life, but also two more esteemed possessions, his crown and wife. Hamlets ghost also uses the word dispatched which is a euphemism compared to the accusations of theft mentioned previously. The sacrosanct nature of King Hamlet is brought out as he mentions numerous Christian beliefs. It was believed that one must seek salvation and confess before ones death, but King Hamlet was unaware of the cruel slaughtering of his life, he was cut in the blossoms of his sin. Unhouseled refers to how the ghost was without sacrament and the Eucharist. Disappointed infers how Hamlet was unprepared for death, and he couldnt confess to sins and seek absolution. Unanointed refers to how King Hamlet has not received the holy oil from a priest. The theme of redundancy which is frequently used through the play, is seen in the lines oh horrible, oh horrible, most horrible to advocate the nefarious nature of the crime. Hamlet then uses a tall command by leaving him virtually with no choice by saying bear it not, what he shouldnt bear is noticed to be the same view point as his son. He cant see his wife and throne as the foundations of damned incest. This again alludes to the third intent of Claudius. But to startle the audience, King Hamlets undying love is once again brought out, telling him not to contrive against his mother, Leave her to Heaven. This yet again shows the religious nature of Hamlet, who will only let St. Peter at the gates of heaven judge his wife, as it is no mortals right. King Hamlet then uses the metaphor of the thorn that in her bosom lodge which refers to the guilt ridden state that the rosy queen will be subjugated to. The passage of time is again brought through the words of the ghost, he says Fare thee well since daylight must be soon approaching, by using an example of the glowworm and how its fire is soon being burnt out as the day light is soon approaching. King Hamlet then says Adieu, adieu, adieu to shows the speed at which he must soon depart. Remember me connects to the soliloquy made by Hamlet who is in desperation to lose the harsh memories asked Must I remember? Young Hamlet then in the state of desperation and shock beckons Heaven and earth, his state of desperation is highlighted by the numerous exclamation marks. He calls upon the host of heaven which is composed of the choir of angels He then ponders whether he should request help from even hell? He immediately repents by saying Oh fie. The theme of repetition is once again through hold, hold to show the emotional attachment and the grief that he has experienced through finding out the actual truth as to why his father is currently dead. Hamlet starts to speak to himself, by reassuring his sinews to stay strong and not grow instant old, but to make sure he doesnt faint. Remember thee? This is used twice in the next few lines, shows that Hamlet cant accept that his father even questions whether he will remember him. Hamlet speaks of a distracted globe, this globe could be his mind, in which memory will always hold a seat, and his distracted temperament due to realization to the truth. The globe could also be a reference to the globe theater which was going through turbulent times. Hamlet then speaks of the table which was a notebook used for recording, through this metaphor he compares his memory to the table. Trivial fond this statement is an oxymoron of a kind, since fond memories are those which usually hold the reins of ones memory, but he sees these happy memories as petty. Hamlet then uses pauses to shows his reflection so he can list all of which he will wipe away from his memory, so that the commandment can alone live. He refers to his fathers words as a commandment, giving his father an almost equal status to the divine, which shows the extent to which he will obey his fathers commands. He then personifies his mind as a library where books and volumes are housed, which will soon be forgotten. Hamlet then condemns women, by using the adjective pernicious, which is harsh to describe the dangerous and untrustworthy nature of his mother and women in general. Hamlet then repeats the word villain to reemphasize the nature of the current king; he also uses the verb smiling to describe Claudius. The smiling criminal is one that Shakespeare oft refers to most well noticed in Macbeth where he writes Theres daggers in mens smiles. This intensifies the dramatic impact, as the smiling which is associated to joy, is now being portrayed as villainous. Hamlet then uses the word may as to whether there is a smiling villain in Denmark; this again shows doubt as to whether the ghost is actually his father or a poltergeist trying to beguile him. This is why later on through the play, Hamlet the man of words, is slow to react. He then addresses his uncle as kin, he quotes his father Adieu, adieu, remember me. Except this is a more malicious way of vociferating the words of his father. Hamlet has sworn to avenge his inscrutable father. This extract enacts the major twist in the play, as Hamlet finds out the truth and all further actions by characters is partly dependent on this knowledge. The extract simultaneously develops the character of King Hamlet, Claudius, young Hamlet and Gertrude, by universally explaining the fallings of man. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our International Baccalaureate World Literature section.

Is Interracial Adoption Not Always Beneficial Social Work Essays

Is Interracial Adoption Not Always Beneficial Social Work Essays Is Interracial Adoption Not Always Beneficial Social Work Essay Is Interracial Adoption Not Always Beneficial Social Work Essay With many honeymooners there can frequently be a really similar job that they could meet, non being able to hold kids of their ain. While some twosomes could take to hold a alternate female parent, or other ways many of this shortly to be parents take the pick of acceptance. Adoption in the United States is a societal and legal procedure whereby a parent-child relationship is established between people non related by birth ( Fass ) . Originally acceptance was non recorded and was done spontaneously. While acceptance is a great manner for honeymooners to get down a household, non all types of acceptance are optimal. Interracial acceptance, as Vincent Parrillo provinces in the Encyclopedia of Social Problem that explains transracial acceptance and how it can be considered really controversial, provinces that transracial acceptance is known as acceptance that takes topographic point across the racial boundaries. While acceptance can be and frequently is really good to many kids s lives, interracial acceptances may non ever be the best thought because some kids may non see their cultural backgrounds and need to understand their cultural individuality. Adoptions in America has occurred and changed drastically over the past two centuries. In the beginning acceptance was self-generated and non recorded. In the Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society, Paula Fass writes an article about acceptance in the United States, giving history and information about acceptance. Adoption has become a formalistic legal establishment governed by a hodgepodge of legislative acts in 50 separate province legal powers with increasing federal engagement ( Frass ) . With authorities engagement came uniformed criterions to modulate acceptances that take topographic point in the United States. As Frass says in her article Adoption in the United States , that some experts say that the Numberss of acceptance in the United States are every bit high as six out of 10 Americans are adopted. Frass, besides states, while acceptance began in the colonial period and these kids normally ranged in ages from six to sixteen, these kids were norm ally made to work for the household as an excess brace of custodies on the farms. By the mid 19th century, province legislative assemblies began to ordain the first acceptance statues, An Act to Supply for the Adoption of Children that is set into jurisprudence in 1851 in Massachusetts. Some beneficent adult females reformists who were located in New York City founded the first private acceptance bureau in 1911. Adoption is conveying a kid and an grownup together to organize a new lifelong relationship, where they can bond and experience life lessons together, and treats the kid to a life that they should hold. With the addition in acceptance after World War II, there were non adequate Caucasic kids available for acceptance. While most households wanted to follow these kids there was an addition in following the minority as a new thought of acceptance. This new thought of acceptance was referred to as interracial acceptance or transracial acceptance, which became a new stage that was traveling on in the United States. By 1965, transracial acceptance had become known as the little revolution ( Fass ) . This is when acceptance bureaus began puting African American babes with white households more often. In 1971, transracial acceptance reached its extremum, with 468 bureaus describing 2,574 such arrangements ( Fass ) . The most recent estimation of transracial acceptance was performed in 1987 by the National Health Interview Survey ( NHIS ) . The determination reveled that merely eight per centum of all acceptances include parents and kids of different races ( Adoption.com ) At this cli p this was non a great figure of kids but subsequently research shows that the Numberss continue to increase. An scrutiny by the New York Times of the 2000 census-the foremost in which information on acceptance was collected-showed that merely over 16,000 white family included adopted black kids. ( Times ) While this is a big figure, the nose count did non state if these kids are being exposed to their original cultural background or if these kids were merely populating their lives as if they were a white kid with a darker skin color so their parents and siblings. While these figure are great for the sum of kids put into loving places, their exact arrangement is non ever considered in their best involvement. While there is non a set jurisprudence that is consistent between all 52 provinces, many provinces have the same accent on race in acceptances. Congress did ordain one act that effected transracial acceptance. As stated in Andrew Morrison s article Transracial Adoption: the Pros and Cons and the Parents Perspective gives the pro s and con s of transracial acceptance and has a subdivision on Legal Treatment of Race in acceptance, and this where Morrision states: In 1978, Congress enacted the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 ( ICWA ) Prior to 1978, every bit many as 30 five per centum of Native American Children were being taken from their places, about ever to be raised by white households. These kids were sometimes taken under duress and fraud. The ICWA mandated a strong penchant for race matching for Native American acceptances, leting Native American kids to be adopted by non-Native American parent merely as a last resort. These kids were to be considered to be tribal resources that should be raised by the people that know their heritage the best. In most provinces adoption Torahs permit a greater accent on race than would usually be allowable under our fundamental law. Merely three states-Pennsylvania, Texas, and Wisconsin- categorically prohibit consideration of race in acceptance ( Altstein, Melli, and Simon ) . This shows that people are get downing to understand that race is to be considered for the well being of the kid. With this accent, it is besides the societal workers that have really of import function with transracial acceptances. Jo Daughetty Bailey believe that any type of transracial acceptance international or non is non ever good and that the kids have a opportunity of losing their cultural heritage and that there is a manner to extinguish this. aˆÂ ¦ societal workers in the field have a critical function to play in minimising this. By using societal individuality to the insta nce of international adoptees cultural individuality formation, it follows that a positive cultural individuality is best facilitated by exposure to information and experiences that communicate the built-in value of the kid s cultural group ( Bailey ) . With the societal workers using this theory less kids that are adopted would non hold to worry about losing their cultural individuality. While transracial acceptance can work good with some households, this is non ever true for other households. With the kids in transracial acceptances, they do non ever demo psychological jobs or different societal jobs but the households need to anticipate the kid to see many different major challenges throughout their childhood, and turning up into adolescences. McRoy provinces in his article An Organizational Dilemma: the instance of Transracial acceptance that black kids need to turn up in their cultural background: Black kids belong physically and psychologically and culturally in black households where they can have the entire sense of themselves and develop a sound projection of their hereafter. Merely a black household can convey the emotional and sensitive nuances of perceptual experience and reactions essential for a black kid s endurance in a racialist society. Human existences are merchandises of their environment and develop their sense of values, attitudes, and self-concept within their ain household constructions. Black kids in white places are cut off from the healthy development of themselves as black people. With African American households that are put into white families there is ever the fact that the kids are non traveling to see their civilization in a custodies on manner. When African American kids turn up with the same race parents they do non hold the issue of losing their background and civilization. With Caucasic households non cognizing the exact background of their adoptive kids, the household can non explicate what is traveling on with hard experiences that the parents have neer gone through being a different race. When an African American girl asks her parents what precisely she should make with her hair, the female parent does non ever have the exact reply for her girl. With the female parent non sing this turning up or even in maturity, she may non be able to give her girl the best advice available. As stated in Katharine Quarmby s article Untitled she states that an assiocation has pointed out this fact: The Assoication of Black Social Workers ( ABSW ) claimed in the 1980 s that transracial arrangements are a manner prolongation racialist political orientation . Their motto, that Love is Enough , still looms over the statement. They pointed out that white parents did non how to care for black kids s tegument or hair, that black kids could non walk down the street with their white relations without holding to give and account. This may do jobs within the household and do the kid seem as if they do non suit in. This is non how kids should experience while in a household adhering relationship. While many households that have an African American kid in their household will necessitate aid or aid from the African American community. With many people non desiring the kids to lose their cultural background, trust of the African American community is a must. With the kids being active in the African American community has a positive and negative consequence on the kids in interracial acceptance. With the contact with the African American community the kids are able to larn about their background and civilization. This will assist the kids be able to interact with fellow equals that are like them. While this may look like a good thought, this may besides set the kids in a place that they do non belong in their current household and do non suit in because their household members are non like them. This may do kids to experience superior to their fellow household members and may non understand precisely why their household is non like the other households that they met in the Afri can American community. Ron Nixon writes an article in the New York Times, explicating that the de-emphasis on race in acceptance is critized and explains how the adoptees feel. Many transracial adoptees say they struggle to suit in among their ain household members. ( Nixon ) These adoptees may non experience like they fit in among their household because they do non precisely look like the other members, or they may non understand why their playthings were non the same colour as their friends when playing with Barbie s or G.I Joes. While some people may reason that if there is a restriction on acceptances based on race that there would be fewer acceptances. The kids that are put into Foster attention would non be placed into a household every bit shortly as possible. We have seen what happens when race is allowed to be a consideration. Children are waiting in Foster attention to be adopted. ( Nixon ) Ms. Chaplin, quoted in the New York Times article, is an associate commissioner at the Administration for Children and Families at the Department of Health and Human Services, who said this states that the kids would be waiting much longer in foster attention, shows that race should non be a determinant factor when it comes to adoption. This lone states that interracial acceptance is merely good because there will be fewer kids to be taken attention of in Foster attention, non how the kids really will get by with the determination and how they will respond. While every kid needs to cognize and develop their cultural individuality this may look really hard being raised in a family that is non of the same cultural background. In households that there is an African American kid, most parents raise the kid as if they have the same cultural individuality as them and most parents do non even notice they are making so. While kids may look that they are making good and booming, non demoing any major reverses this is non ever the instance. Although the kids appeared to be booming and good adjusted harmonizing to standard steps, they are being brought up as idea they were white and had small or no contact with black [ s ] . ( Hayes ) . While these kids are making good in the eyes of many, the kids are non making good in the facet of the cultural individuality. The kids are get downing to bury or non even understand their cultural background. The kids in some instances do non even cognize how people of their ain cultural individuality live or ev en move. With the kids non sing this first manus, they may lose a really of import portion of their history. Nagel states his sentiment in Bailey s article A Practice Model to protect the Ethnic Identity of International Adoptees in 1996: Cultural individuality is influenced by both external and internal factors. External forces include societal constructions that serve to specify cultural boundaries, often for political or economic intents, such an affirmatory action policies that seek to right historical inequalities between groups aˆÂ ¦ However, such external forces form merely portion of the complex system of cultural individuality formationaˆÂ ¦ therefore, achieving an individuality is a procedure in which one actively constructs a construct of the ego from an array of societal groups. This states that cultural individuality is affected by external and internal factors that will neer travel off and that kids need to understand and be able to wholly turn and boom as a individual. Experts besides province that kids cognizing about their cultural individuality are better off when turning up. Both have adopted a discourse that stresses that kids have a demand or right to a sense of cultural individuality and cultural heritage. ( Hayes ) While interracial acceptance is a really popular signifier of acceptance, some households believe that following a kid of a different race may learn those new imposts and cultural influences that the kid would neer be exposed excessively. While learning kids about different cultural backgrounds and holding them see the civilization of their parents may do the kid seem more rounded. While this may look as a fantastic thought, holding a kid that is from a different ethnicity being able to understand and suit in with a different civilization. This may do the kid seem like they would neer suit in with their original cultural background. This should neer be the instance with a kid turning up. Bing able to associate to merely one cultural background, that is non their original is non ever good to the kid. While interracial acceptance may look like an first-class thought, to acquire kids out of poorness, and have them populating outstanding, fantastic lives with parents that can demo the counsel, love and fondness, the arrangement of the kids is a really of import issue to be concerned with. While these kids do unrecorded wonderful lives, these kids frequently wonder what life would be like if they would hold stay in their cultural community. While the kids placed with adoptive parents that treat them merely as if they were blood kids and are considered to be their kids. When an African American adoptee begins to travel through different stage of their lives, they will get down to travel rely on people of the black community. Harmonizing the National Association of Black Social Workers a statement in 1972, who was against interracial acceptance stated: These kids need the support and socialisation of black households merely every bit much as the Black community needs to keep and prolong its kids and households. Yet, in Contrast to the lightening processes of international acceptance, the transracial acceptance of black kids returning in maturity to the black community. In fact, one of the definitions of success in these arrangements is the formation of an appropriate racial individuality. While this states that the kids that are in interracial acceptances will frequently return to the black community later in life. While these kids may believe that they lived a fantastic life, they may ever go on to inquire how their lives would hold been if they would hold grown up in the black community with the changeless influence of other people that are considered to be more like them. When the kid is invariably with people of the same race or expression like the other people in the household they no longer have to oppugn why they are the colour they are, or how they do non fit the other childs in their vicinity if they live in a prevailing white vicinity. With this type of wondering could be the ground of why adoptee kids adventure back to the grownup community when they are in early grownup goon. While some kids that are an apart of an interracial acceptance do no experience any signifier of racism turning up there are ever kids that do see this. When kids are small, the bash non ever understand why their friends in school, who are non the same colour, are different colourss than them. With this kids can sometimes get down to dislike other for non being the same colour as them. This may be really disturbing for a kid that is the lone dark skinned kid of the household. This may besides do the kids to experience as if they do non belong in their household even though they are really loved by their adoptive parents. Children and parents may besides judge interracial households throughout their childhood and turning up, sometime even stating rude and objectionable things about the household, even though they have no thought about the state of affairs. With this the kids may experience like they do non suit in with the people that they are brought up about. While interracial acceptance has become really common in the United States, which can be considered a really first-class achievement in acceptance bureaus with a larger sum of kids being placed into caring and loving households. With this type of acceptances, acceptance bureaus are conveying different people together to organize new households ; there should be a consideration of where the kids are topographic point into such households. Interracial acceptance can be really good, seting kids into places, larning a new civilization, but it needs to be considered that these kids may lose their cultural background non populating with people of the same race. These kids may besides non understand racism wholly, even being the center of racialist remarks throughout their lives that will neer travel off. While some acceptance bureaus do non take the kid and how they may see things different into consideration, it should be made known that is non all about acquiring the kids out of Foster a ttention, but into a household that they will be able to associate to. This is about what is in the best involvement of the kid, non the parent. ( Nixon )

Regional Economic Integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Regional Economic Integration - Essay Example Indonesian economy is rapidly developing; it is the largest economy of South Asia nowadays. The country’s GDP is 14, 4% in agricultural sector, 48, 1% - industry, and service sector is 37, 5% (according to 2009 data). All the countries mentioned above appear to be competing as they produce and export similar goods. At the given time period these Asian countries’ economy is attractive for foreign investors. Still, the business in tourism and oil refining branch remain the most profitable and prosperous nowadays, thus this fact makes these branches interesting to the potential investors. As for Taiwan economy, financial sector is also worth to invest in. Key words: regional economic integration, the GDP, economic sector, competition, foreign investment. The Asian countries keep their economic development. The economic miracle known as â€Å"the leap of Asian tigers†, unfortunately, affected not all Asian countries. Though the economy of these countries is rapidly d eveloping, according to the experts’ assessments, 16, 3 per cent of people still remain below poverty line. The Philippine economy is a combination of agriculture (24, 9%), light industry (29, 1%) and the sector of related services (51, 1%).

The american civil war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The american civil war - Essay Example At the same time the power that was accorded to the slave owners at this time in the national politics arena became waned while on the other hand the North and South were having divergent economies being developed (Griess 56). These situations could not help in any way to hold back the civil war from coming to a reality in America. In this paper, it is these specific events that led to the American Civil War that have been clearly analyzed so as to draw clearly the picture that gave rise to the Civil War. Sectionalism The different customs, social structure, economies and the political values that marked the North and the South are what historians have named as sectionalism this was a phase that increased rapidly during the years 1800 and 1860, a period during which the North was phasing out slavery from existence as urbanization, industrialization and prosperous farms was what was taking over in the North. On the other hand, the South was putting more emphasis on plantation agricult ure whose main basis was slavery alongside subsistence farming that was a characteristic of the whites who were poor. It has been argued out that this striking difference that existed between the industrialized North and the agricultural South could have been a cause of the war. During the year 1851, many states that were in the South held constitutional conventions so as to have a forum to put into consideration the issues of secession and nullification (Griess 61). The Southern conventions had been dominated by Unionists as they voted down the secession articles. This was only with the exception of the South Carolina whose election convention offered no any option for â€Å"no secession†. The Southern Carolina instead offered room for the option only with the collaboration of other states within the region. As a matter of fact, the two party systems that had remained relatively stable during the period between 1820 and 1850 were being compromised by the fact that there was rapid mass democracy that was extending to the North and South. Free Labor vs. Slave Labor It is argued by historians that a free labor ideology had been made to dominate the Northern region, a fact that had ensured that economic opportunities were created in more proportions as compared to the Southern Americans who described free labor as being greasy mechanics. The Southerners strongly opposed the issue of free labor alongside the homestead laws that had been proposed to be offered to the free farms in the west. This was in fear of the fact that the small farmers who were in the region would be influenced into opposing the plantation slavery. It was as a result of this main ideology that the Southerners mainly represented by Calhoun argued the fact that slavers in itself was a â€Å"positive good† (Griess 40). As a matter of fact, the view that was held by the Southerners argued that slavery brought more civilization, morality and intellectuality to the people who were for tunate enough to be chosen as slaves. Missouri Compromise 1820 Uproar was created by James Tallmadge, Jr. Of New York when he brought the proposition that had two amendments to a particular bill aiming at admitting Missouri as a free state to the Union. The first amendment mainly involved

A Comprehensive And Complete Strategic Report On Airasia Marketing Essay

A Comprehensive And Complete Strategic Report On Airasia Marketing Essay The report includes a detailed description of the company and highlights the achievements and strategic decisions that the corporate has undertaken since its establishment in 1993. Furthermore the report will carry on a detailed Macro environment analysis to evaluate the external factors which may affect the company currently or in the future. After analyzing the external factors and their impacts on the company, the report moves on to analyzing the companys micro environment. The comprehensive SWOT analysis also applied for understanding the companys current situation. The company occupies a strong position within Asian civil aviation, according to its successful low-cost business strategy model and financial resources. After great consideration and analyzing different strategic options for the company, this report recommends two possible future strategies for AirAsia, which are aligned with its current cost leader strategy. 2.0 Introduction AirAsia was established in 1993 in Malaysia. It was originally founded by a government conglomerate DRB-HICOM Holding Berhad. On the second of December 2001, the heavily- indebted airline was purchased by partners Dato Pahamin Rejab (former chairman of AirAsia), Dato Kamarudin Meranun, and Dato Aziz Bakar, Dato Sri Dr Tony Fernandes  [1]  . AirAsia began its operation as a low-cost carrier with two planes (both ageing Boeing B737 aircraft), serving five destinations (Kota Bahru, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Labuan, Langkawi and Penang) and a staff of 250. In 2003 the company opened a second hub at Senai International airport near Singapore and launched its first international low-cost flight to Bangkok. Since then it started a Thai subsidiary and launched Low-cost flights to Singapore and Indonesia. In 2004 flights to Macau were launched and in following year, 2005 flights to China, Philippines, Vietnam and Cambodia been launched by the company. AirAsia now is one of the award winning and largest low-cost airlines in the ASEAN which is expanding rapidly. It started with a simple goal that how to free air travel and make it so affordable that now everyone can fly. AirAsia Group (including its Thai and Indonesian affiliates) now operates a fleet of 90 aircraft and flies to more than 60 destinations from hubs in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. AirAsia operates more than 3,500 flights a week, colouring the blue skies over Asia a bright red with their striking livery. The Group employs close to 7,500 staff and in its short history, has ferried more than 90 million passengers. AirAsia has become recognised as The ASEAN airline. It has achieved this by providing effective route connectivity and launching direct, unique and high-frequency flights linking ASEAN towns and cities such as Kuala Lumpur- Vientiane, Kuala Lumpur-Bandung, Phuket-Ho Chi Minh City and Bali-Bangkok. 2.1 Vision statement To be the largest low cost airline in Asia and serving the 3 billion people who are currently underserved with poor connectivity and high fares  [2]  . 2.2 Mission statement To be the best company to work for whereby employees are treated as part of a big family Create a globally recognized ASEAN brand to attain the lowest cost so that everyone can fly maintain the highest quality product, embarking new technology to reduce cost and enhance service levels  [3]  . 2.3 Business Strategy The foundation of the business has been set to deliver a no-frill, low cost, hassle-free and reliable flights and services to its passengers. The company believes in keeping costs consistently low which requires high efficiency and maintaining simplicity in every part of the business. http://www.airasia.com/iwov-resources/my/common/images/AirAsia/aboutus/strategy.gif source:aurasia.com 2.3.1 key strategic implementations Safety First High Aircraft Utilisation: quick turnaround of 25 minutes Low Fare, No Frills Streamlined Operations: making the process as simple as possible, single aircraft fleet Lean Distribution System : ticketless service Point to Point Network 2.4 Highlights of the company According to IATA in 2009 the traffic dropped 3.5% overall in aviation industry which included 5% decline in Europe, North America and the Asia Pacific region. However in 2009 despite of global economic downturn and fear of A(H1N1) influenza pandemic, AirAisa managed to produce an astounding 148% increase in its core operating Profit to RM447 million  [4]  . The company ferried around 22 million passengers. It also succeeded in driving its Ancillary services by introducing new lines of the service. It expects deliveries of new Airbus A320 aircraft and the phasing out of its Boeing B737 aircraft in 2010. In addition despite tight credit lines it was able to secure financing at competitive pricing for all its aircraft deliveries for 2009 and 2010  [5]  . Five years financial highlights (RM million, unless otherwise stated) For the year ended June For the 6 months ended 31 December For the year ended 31 December 2006 2007 Restated 2007 Restated 2008 Restated Revenue 1,071 1,603 1,094 2,855 Operating expenses 997 1,341 875 3,207 Operating profit/(loss) 74 262 219 (352) Associates contributions (0.5) (3.9) Profit/(loss) before tax 86 278 277 (869) Tax 116 220 149 373 Net profit/(loss) 202 498 426 (496) BALANCE SHEET Deposits, cash and bank balances 426 595 425 154 Total assets 2,574 4,779 6,430 9,406 Net debt 627 1,959 3,272 6,453 Shareholders equity 1,148 1,662 2,099 1,606 CASH FLOW STATEMENTS Cash flow from operating activities 282 595 256 (416) Cash flow from investing activities (1,249) (1,943) (1,581) (2,602) Cash flow from financing activities 1,067 1,509 1,141 2,749 Net Cash Flow 100 161 (184) (269) CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE (%) Return on total assets 7.8 10.4 6.6 Return on shareholders equity 17.6 30.0 20.3 Return on capital employed 4.2 7.2 4.1 Operating profit margin 6.9 16.3 20.0 Net profit margin 18.8 31.1 38.9 CONSOLIDATED OPERATING STATISTICS Passengers carried 5,719,411 8,737,939 5,197,567 11,808,058 Capacity 7,378,075 11,140,764 6,621,276 15,660,228 Load factor (%) 78 78 78 75 RPK (million) 6,702 9,863 5,930 14,439 ASK (million) 8,646 12,391 7,919 19,217 Aircraft utilisation (hours per day) 12.0 12.0 11.9 11.8 Average fare (RM) 174 171 195 204 Revenue per ASK (sen) 12.4 12.9 13.8 13.9 Cost per ASK (sen) 11.5 10.8 11.0 11.4 Cost per ASK excluding fuel (sen) 6.6 5.2 5.4 4.2 Revenue per ASK (USc) 3.35 3.65 4.06 4.22 Cost per ASK (USc) 3.12 3.06 3.25 3.49 Cost per ASK excluding fuel (USc) 1.79 1.46 1.60 1.27 Number of stages 48,339 68,195 38,507 89,118 Average stage length (km) 1,163 1,088 1,183 1,207 Average fleet size (Malaysia) 20.5 27.1 31.6 36.6 Size of fleet at year end (Malaysia) 26 34 39 44 Size of fleet at year end (Group) 42 54 65 78 Number of employees at year end 2,224 2,924 3,474 3,799 Percentage sales via internet (%) 60 65 65 70 Source:airasia.com 2.4.2 Ancillary Services The company offers different ancillary services, such as AirAsia cargo, insurance, holiday packages and credit cards. Since 2010 it offers a non flight ticket booking service called AirAsia RedTix which offers ticket booking for concerts, musicals, theatres, sports and other events. It also offers some loyalty programs. Furthermore it is focusing on building its own supply chain for ancillary services to provide better pricing for its passengers. The company mainly use its website as a distribution channel to offer its services. The company achieved 34% growth in its ancillary income in 2008 and it expect around 50% growth in 2010. 2.5 Company description Its subsidiaries are Crunchtime Culinary Services Sdn Bhd; AA International Ltd, which is an investment holding company; AirAsia Go Holiday Sdn Bhd, which is engaged in tour operating business; AirAsia (Mauritius) Limited, which is engaged in providing aircraft leasing facilities to Thai AirAsia Co. Ltd ; Indonesia AirAsia ; VietJet AirAsia ; AirAsia RedTix ; Airspace Communications Sdn Bhd; AirAsia (B) Sdn Bhd; AirAsia Corporate Services Limited; Aras Sejagat Sdn Bhd, which is a special purpose vehicle for financing arrangements required by the Company, and Asia Air Limited, which is engaged in the provision and promotion of AirAsia Berhads in-flight food to the European market  [6]  . 2.6 AirAsia organizational structure The following chart shows the corporate structure and principal operating companies for AirAsia. http://www.airasia.com/iwov-resources/my/common/images/AirAsia/aboutus/chart_organization.gif Source: aiasia.com 2.7AirAsia route Network One of the key strengths for its business is to continuously expand its route network and the frequency of flights, which provides the advantage of more connectivity for the passengers. AirAsia operates from nine regional hubs. AirAsia flies to over 60 cities in 16 countries with 126 domestic and international routes  [7]  . When the company attempts to launch its low cost long haul flights (AirAsiaX) most of the airlines assumed that such attempts will fail due to the more cost and complicity in long haul flights. However the company were quiet successful since it has launched its long haul flights name as AirAsiaX and has earned numerous industry awards, including Asia Pacifics best New Airline in 2008 for its low cost long haul business model. Now there is huge market to expand its long haul flights to different countries. Currently AirAsiaX flies to China, India and Indonesia. The company uses the brand likening agreement which allows it to use the AirAsia brand and a shared services agreement which will benefit the company by sharing resources such as marketing team, distribution channel, cabin crew and pilots. The combined short-haul and long-haul networks feed each other. In the six short years since its inception, Thai AirAsia has become Thailands largest low cost carrier with a market share of 67.81% by passengers and of 67.80% by aircraft movement. It has ferried over 19 million passengers to various destinations. In 2009 the company expanded its rouà ©s in Thailand from 19 to 26 destinations. AirAsia now has two Airbus A320 aircraft based in Phuket, and achieved a load factor of 76% (79% domestic and 74% international)  [8]  . AirAsia currently operates four hubs in Indonesia. As the main hub, Jakarta connects Indonesian passengers to many cities across ASEAN. In 2009, it expanded its routes to Australia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. The company key focus in 2010 is India. Apart from Tiruchipillai, the company has added Kolkata, Kochi and Trivandrum to their network. Furthermore the company will focus into six new India routes in 2010  [9]  . 2.8 Joint venture and strategic partnership highlights The company business strategy is cantered on cost leadership, which is focused on price-sensitive customers on long-haul and short-haul flights. The company is mainly focused on joint venture partnership to expand its long-haul flights globally. As AirAsia chief executive Tony Fernandes said: With joint purchasing power it means that we can potentially work with airline manufacturers on the right configuration and design of an aircraft specifically for AirAsia and that the best suits our operational needs for the future  [10]   Airaisa recently (09/04/2010) singed a strategic partnership agreement with VietJet Aviation Joint Stock Company. The company earlier had acquired a 30 percent equity stake in VietJet Air( Vietnam Airlines) which was the first step to lunch of a Vietnam-based, low-cost subsidiary. The trade name is VietJet AirAsia which will be operating both in domestic and international market. The governments of respective companies were fully supportive to the lunch of VietJet AirAsia which will be offering low fares to boost the travel and tourism in Vietnam and the rest of ASEAN region  [11]  . http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/images/space.gif AirAsia recently (06/01/2010) signed an airline alliance agreement with Australias Jetstar to pool recourses and expertise, procure new aircraft and revenue-sharing deals which could lead to cost savings of $200m and $300m annually. The next step for the partners would be to look at joint venture on routes and other commercial activities including joint procurement of hotel inventory for holiday packages. Plans include saving on costs including aircraft purchasing, maintenance and design, since both airlines operate with similar fleets  [12]  . The Virgin Group became an investor in  AirAsia  X to the tune of a 16% stake. The majority stake with 48% is a Malaysian group that includes Fernandes, while  AirAsia  itself has 16%; Japanese aircraft lessor Orix Corporation has 10% and Bahrains Manara Consortium has 10%. AirAsia  X began operations in late 2007 to Australias Gold Coast and now flies to three destinations in that country and two points in China, as well as the UK. It is seeking more A340-300s for longer-haul routes and has 23 A330-300s on order. 3.0External analysis 3.1 PESTEL analysis POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL Political uncertainly in Malaysia and Thailand Increased tension between Malaysia and Indonesia Severe Security Measures and Restrictions Terrorism attacks mostly in Malaysia and Thailand Increase in route charge by the Government Government support for national carriers Establishment of Climate Protection Charge, so the aviation industry has to compensate further taxes for carbon emission. . Currency fluctuation GPD growth rate The low-cost airline industry is in the growth rate of the life cycle High price ceiling of petroleum products and fuels Recession Changing economy leads to change in lifestyle which includes frequent flying for vacations Operating in ASEAN with different cultures and languages Operations increased in grey market Increasing Population Rising in middle class TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL Fuel efficient engines and air frames Teleconferencing for business Technology expansion in terms of internet sales Online check in Use of technology for ancillary services Wireless technology expansion Use of new Airbus A330-300 Use of information and communication Technology(ICT) Yield management system Computer reservation system Enterprise resource planning system Strict checks on Green house and global warming issues due to pressure from eco-friendly friends. Emission trading scheme Energy consumption and noise pollution controls Land for growing airports No food and beverage service inside the flights so reduce leftover waste Restrictions on mergers Preferential airport rights for some carriers ASEN Regulations Health and safety Other landing charges Compensation Political Political uncertainly in Indonesia and Thailand is not in Airasias favour as it operates mainly in both countries. Since 2006, Thailand has been facing many political issues. In April 2009, Red shirt protestors, who were angry that Thaksins government was forced out of office, caused the cancellation of ASEAN summit and their latest antigovernment protestors went on March 2010 which caused the closure of some airports in Thailand. Moreover as a result of granted exploration rights in oil rich waters off the coast of Borneo have increased tension between Malaysia and Indonesia  [13]  . As mentioned earlier, AirAisa offers long haul flights through strategic alliance with different airlines and willing to expand it further. The main political issue which the company may face in the future is the political relationships with the respective countries which may affect the operation of the company. Economic Fluctuating fuel prices: It has increased turbulence in aviation industry. According to the International Energy Agency the world aviation fuel demand will grow through 2010 led by Asia  [14]  . This current technique of global supply chain incurs large-scale costs to AirAsia who is unable to secure low-cost fuel. This is not good for this no-frills airline ait wants to stay in the market as a low-cost airline and to deliver customers what they want without added costs. Malaysia GDP Growth Rate: The Gross Domestic Product in Malaysia is in companys favour as GPD contracted at an annual rate of 2.60 percent in the last quarter. Malaysia Gross Domestic Product is worth 192 billion dollars or 0.31% of the world economy, according to the World Bank. Malaysia is a rapidly developing economy in Asia. Malaysia, a middle-income country, has transformed itself since the 1970s from a producer of raw materials into an emerging multi-sector economy. The Government of Malaysia is continuing efforts to boost domestic demand to wean the economy off of its dependence on exports  [15]  . Country Interest Rate Growth Rate Inflation Rate Jobless Rate Current Account Exchange Rate Malaysia 2.75% -2.60% 1.70% 3.70% 30449 3.1820 Economic Forecast 2009 2010 Malaysia GDP Growth Rate Sources: ASEAN Finance and Macro-economic Surveillance Unit Database; national statistical offices. Social AirAsia operates in a region with diverse culture, language, origin and religion. As a result the company operates in a market where consumer preferences and demographics are different and uncontrollable. Consumer behaviours are becoming increasingly difficult to predict as contemporary consumers tend to shift loyalties from one brand to another due to price differences or even lack of basic consumer consistency. The competition in low-cost airlines within Asia region is increasing, giving consumers vast choices to choose an airline. Thus in order to fully utilise a market, bring value, increase its consumer generated revenue and relate to the diverse consumer needs, AirAsia must completely understand the market. Technological AirAsia uses the latest information and technology system which allows it to reduce its operating costs. The company has adopted variety of information technologies such as Yield management system, Computer reservation system (CRS), Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP). Furthermore the company operates with youngest fleet, Airbus 300-330 which again allows the company to operate more efficiently. Environmental In the Asia Pacific region, rapid economic and population growth creates serious social consequences from environmental problems of  global warming and air pollution. The air travel is constantly increasing in that region as consumers are more driven with better technology; this has however increased issues related to global warming and green house effects. AirAsia is always expanding which spells disaster for the planet as more flights mean busier airports, bad sound quality for people living and working near the airports, more noise and air pollution. The company however says its airplanes are more efficient, quieter and thus have less environmental impact. CO2  Emissions from Malaysia Total Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions from Malaysia graph Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/mys.html Legal As mentioned earlier, AirAisa offers long haul flights through strategic alliance with different airlines and willing to expand it further through more partnerships all over the world. The main legal concern for the company is to sort out the legal issues and obtain clearance from the respective countries. As AirAsia Group CEO Fernandes has said that the budget airline would fly to North America once it sorted out the legal issues and obtained clearance from the respective countries  [16]  . Also the company has signed sponsorship deals with different companies, such as its sponsorship deals with National Football Leagues (NFL) Oakland Raiders, which brings its own legal issues. Furthermore the company should pay more attention to health and safety regulations as well. Overall it can be said that the external environment (PESTEL) for AirAsia is relatively stable, however the companys biggest problem involves the legal obligations. It should try to keep the Legal environment as steady as possible. Furthermore the perception of consumer behaviour is another issue for the company and it should develop strategic tools to improve total consumer investment and sales performances. 4.0 The industry environment AirAsia is engaged in the civil aviation industry where it provides low fare, long haul, short haul, point-to-point scheduled passenger airline services. In 2009 AirAisa managed to produce an astounding 148% increase in its core operating Profit to RM447 million  [17]  . The company ferried around 22 million passengers. It also succeeded in driving its Ancillary services by introducing new lines of the service. 4.1 Porter five forces Power of the supplier Supplier power is moderately high. Airbus is AirAsias main aircraft supplier, which means they have high supplier power. Also the switching cost from one supplier to another one is high as it involves lots of hidden costs, e.g. retraining pilots and mechanics. Airports also plays a crucial role as suppliers, the charges for main airports are very high as they are dominant player in supply chain, but the secondary airports have lesser bargaining power. Power of the buyer Buyer power is moderately high due to no switching cost from one airline to other one and it can be easily achieved. Also the easy access to the internet will allow customers to gain information on the prices which are charged by other airlines. Rivalry Rivalry power is in the companys favour. The low-cost operation of the company allows it to offer the cheapest price in the market. However there is a threat that, the profitability of LLC will attract full service airline to lunch its LLC version which will increase the degree of rivalry in the industry. Power of substitute Fortunately, the geographic structure of Asia which is so vast and the large distance between countries has made the air travel the most efficient and convenient way to travel, which makes the power of substitution such as trains or ferries low to the company. Power of new entrant The threat of new entrants is moderately in AirAsias favour at present. The high capital requirements to enter the market and high exit barrier prevent many entrants to the market. In addition, AirAsias current leading role and favourable brand awareness make it a first choice amongst the current competition. However, potential new entrants from full service carriers could be threats in the future and long term. Based on the industrial scanning, the demand for low-cost airlines in Asia is expanding. The profitability of LLC will attract full service airline to lunch its LLC version which will increase the degree of rivalry in the industry. However AirAsia is the market leader in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia and in order to overcome the future rivalry it should focus to add value to its services in order to keep its position in the market. 4.2 value chain The value chain logic is that every company occupies a position in the chain which is then passed downstream to the customer. Inbound Logistics is the start of the value chain which includes airport agreements, low cost suppliers and so on. AirAsia serves through secondary airports (significant savings) in various locations where it is able to get good contracts with the airport authorities. It even attempts to negotiate discounted fees by delivering an annual increase in passenger traffic where practical. So it has good relations with its contractors, Airbus being its main supplier of aircrafts provides on-time delivery, gives discounts so it is able to maintain common fleet which reduces costs and saves time. It also does outsourcing in the form of its online web check-in for its passengers. Support activities Firm infrastructure Finance Accounting Quality assurance HR management Providing recruitment and staff training Providing pilot training Providing Yield analyst training Providing In-flight training Technology Adopting information technology such as CRS, FSS, YMS Baggage tracking system In-flight system Procurement Technology acquisition Primary activities Inbound logistics Aircraft purchasing or leasing Aircraft fuel and parts purchasing Landing slot acquisition Flight and crew scheduling Operations Transporting passengers Flight scheduling Courier operation On-board services Outbound logistics Providing transportation Baggage claiming Marketing and sales Advertising and promotion: the most important activity to create more brand awareness. Direct sales Selected travel agent Services Call centre system: to tackle problems with customer enquiries Lost and found services AirAsias value network is a combination of players which comprises of its external network of its customers, stakeholders, complementors, open innovation networks, intermediaries and suppliers, and its internal network focusing on key activities, processes and relationships such as order fulfilment, innovation, customer support and so on. In order to add value it is necessary to position all parties in the value network business model so they can then deliver value to customer supply. Based on the information collected, value can be analyzed, and within this network a companys value share position can be determined. 5.0 Internal analysis 5.1 Current strategic implementations AirAsia has currently adopted information technologies strategically to integrate the operations and coordinate all the business and management functions. The followings are few system implementations that AirAsia has done in its marketing and sales activities as well as operation activity in the value chain. Yield management system Computer reservation system(CRS) Enterprise Resource Planning System(ERP) IT implementation and strategic alignment 5.2 Positioning The company has p

Filipino Traditional Games for Kids Essay

While I was walking yesterday, I saw a group of children playing ‘luksong baka’. They were having fun while enjoying the game. Then I remember my childhood days twenty five years ago. I also use to play that kind of game with my neighboring kids especially on weekends. As years went by, these Filipino traditional games for kids are slowly disappearing. You can rarely see Filipino kids playing patintero, tumbang preso, luksong tinik, luksong baka, taguan, syato, habulan, etc. These games were replaced by gadgets like xbox, playstation, nintendo, and kids are more exposed to Western Sports activities. Amidst the popularity of these latest game gadgets and non-Filipino sports, we must not lay aside and forget our traditional games. We must always remember that this is our cultural heritage and treasure. There are many known traditional Filipino games for kids, but I will only name the Filipino traditional games that I still remember when I was a kid. PATINTERO 1. Patintero – this is a popular game not only for kids, but including adults. I remember that we played this game not only in the morning, but sometimes in the evening when it is full moon. We used chalk or water to make lines. The rule of the game is very simple: make it sure that you can cross the line without being catch or touch by the other group. PIKO 2. Piko – this is the Filipino version of hopscotch. I always see my two sisters playing this game when they were still kids, because it is a popular game among the girls. LUKSONG TINIK 3. Luksong Tinik – Two players will be the base by putting their right feet or left feet together. While the other players will jump without touching the two players feet. LUKSONG BAKA 4. Luksong Baka – It is a popular variation of luksong tinik. The ‘it’ will bend while the other players will jump over him/her. The bending player will gradually stands up as the game continues. A jumper who will not be able to jump over, or touch the ‘it’ while jumping will become the next ‘it’. TUMBANG PRESO 5. Tumbang Preso – This is a Filipino street game among kids. I really enjoyed this game a lot. The ‘it’ will be in charged of the tin can, while the other players will strike it using their slippers (pamato). The rules of the game varies in different places. TAGUAN 6. Taguan – This is the American version of hide-and-seek. The ‘it’ will say these phrase while the players are looking for their place to hide. â€Å"Tagu-taguan maliwanag ang buwan. Pagbilang ko nang sampu nakatago na kayo. Isa,dalawa,tatlo,apat,lima,anim,pito,walo,siyam,sampu.† After the counting is done, he/she will locate those who are hiding. This game is more challenging when it is done in the evening. My father told me that he and his siblings always play this game when it is full moon in the evening. SAWSAW SUKA 7. Sawsaw-suka – The ‘it’ has/her palm open. The other players will touch his palm using their index finger while singing this song –â€Å"sawsaw suka mahuli taya’†. The ‘it’ will catch any players finger after the songs. BAHAY-BAHAYAN 8. Bahay-bahayan – This is a very good game for kids. They will act as a family member. Each of them will be given a responsibility like cooking,taking care of an imaginary baby,etc. I remember that my playmates always bring small cooking objects made of clay, while I am in charge of building our small imaginary house made from banana leaves or blankets. TEKS GAME 9. Teks – These are game cards which contain comic strips and texts within speech balloons. We played these cards by tossing it to the air until it hit the ground. We used our thumbs and forefingers to toss the cards. The winner will collect cards on how the cards are laid upon hitting the ground. JAK N POY 10. Jack and Poy – This is the American version of rock-paper-scissors. Two players will do rock-paper-scissors while saying these words-â€Å"Jack and Poy, hale hale hoy, sinong matalo syang unggoy. HOLEN 11. Holen – We used marbles to play this game. You must be a sharpshooter to win this game. It is played by aiming at the marbles inside the circle. You must hit the marbles inside by flicking your fingers while holding your own marbles. Whoever gets the most marbles win the game. SIPA 12. Sipa – The object that is being used in this game is called ‘sipa’. It is toss upward for the player to kick it using the foot. The player will kick it as long as he wants. However, the ‘sipa’ must not touch the ground. The player with most number of kicks wins the game. LANGIT LUPA 13. Langit Lupa – You need to say these lyrics in choosing the ‘it’ while pointing to the player one by one-â€Å"langit lupa impyerno. im im impyerno. Saksak puso tulo anf dugo, patay buhay alis diyan.† The player will be the ‘it;, if he/she is pointed after the song. Then the ‘it’ will chase and tag the players who remain on the ground. A player cannot be tag if he/she will stay above the ground.